Lithium
Pharmacodynamics
Although lithium has been used for over 50 years in treatment of bipolar disorder, the mechanism of action is still unknown. Lithium's therapeutic action may be due to a number of effects, ranging from inhibition of enzymes such as glycogen synthase kinase 3, inositol phosphatases, or modulation of glutamate receptors.
Mechanism of action
The precise mechanism of action of Li+ as a mood-stabilizing agent is currently unknown. It is possible that Li+ produces its effects by interacting with the transport of monovalent or divalent cations in neurons. An increasing number of scientists have come to the conclusion that the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is the key factor in understanding how lithium works. Lithium has been shown to change the inward and outward currents of glutamate receptors (especially GluR3), without a shift in reversal potential. Lithium has been found to exert a dual effect on glutamate receptors, acting to keep the amount of glutamate active between cells at a stable, healthy level, neither too much nor too little.
Drug drug interaction
lithium + adefovir =kidney damage such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, increased or decreased urination, sudden weight gain or weight loss, fluid retention,
lithium + anagrelide= increase the risk of an irregular heart rhythm that may be serious and potentially life-threatening,
lithium + citalopram = serotonin syndrome, which may include symptoms such as confusion, hallucination, seizure, extreme changes in blood pressure, increased heart rate, fever, excessive sweating, shivering or shaking, blurred vision, muscle spasm or stiffness, tremor, incoordination, stomach cramp, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
lithium + deferasirox = nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, increased or decreased urination, sudden weight gain or weight loss, fluid retention, swelling, shortness of breath, muscle cramps, tiredness, weakness, dizziness, confusion, and irregular heart rhythm.
Food interaction
Alcohol can increase the nervous system side effects of lithium such as dizziness, drowsiness, and difficulty concentrating. Some people may also experience impairment in thinking and judgment.
Therapeutic uses
Lithium is used to treat the manic episodes of bipolar disorder.
Side effect
a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out;
shortness of breath;
pounding heartbeats or fluttering in your chest;
increased urination;
weakness, dizziness or spinning sensation;
confusion, memory problems, hallucinations.
Reference- Tripathi KD "Essential of medical pharmacology" 7th edition, page no- 435,447-450,596
Pharmacodynamics
Although lithium has been used for over 50 years in treatment of bipolar disorder, the mechanism of action is still unknown. Lithium's therapeutic action may be due to a number of effects, ranging from inhibition of enzymes such as glycogen synthase kinase 3, inositol phosphatases, or modulation of glutamate receptors.
Mechanism of action
The precise mechanism of action of Li+ as a mood-stabilizing agent is currently unknown. It is possible that Li+ produces its effects by interacting with the transport of monovalent or divalent cations in neurons. An increasing number of scientists have come to the conclusion that the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is the key factor in understanding how lithium works. Lithium has been shown to change the inward and outward currents of glutamate receptors (especially GluR3), without a shift in reversal potential. Lithium has been found to exert a dual effect on glutamate receptors, acting to keep the amount of glutamate active between cells at a stable, healthy level, neither too much nor too little.
Drug drug interaction
lithium + adefovir =kidney damage such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, increased or decreased urination, sudden weight gain or weight loss, fluid retention,
lithium + anagrelide= increase the risk of an irregular heart rhythm that may be serious and potentially life-threatening,
lithium + citalopram = serotonin syndrome, which may include symptoms such as confusion, hallucination, seizure, extreme changes in blood pressure, increased heart rate, fever, excessive sweating, shivering or shaking, blurred vision, muscle spasm or stiffness, tremor, incoordination, stomach cramp, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
lithium + deferasirox = nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, increased or decreased urination, sudden weight gain or weight loss, fluid retention, swelling, shortness of breath, muscle cramps, tiredness, weakness, dizziness, confusion, and irregular heart rhythm.
Food interaction
Alcohol can increase the nervous system side effects of lithium such as dizziness, drowsiness, and difficulty concentrating. Some people may also experience impairment in thinking and judgment.
Therapeutic uses
Lithium is used to treat the manic episodes of bipolar disorder.
Side effect
a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out;
shortness of breath;
pounding heartbeats or fluttering in your chest;
increased urination;
weakness, dizziness or spinning sensation;
confusion, memory problems, hallucinations.
Reference- Tripathi KD "Essential of medical pharmacology" 7th edition, page no- 435,447-450,596
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